In this long paper we give a fairly complete analysis of outer billiards on
the Penrose kite. Our analysis reveals that this 2-dimensional non-compact
system has a 3-dimensional compactification, a certain polyhedron exchange map,
and that this compactification has a renormalization scheme. These two features
allow us to make some sharp statements concerning the distribution, large-scale
geometry, fine-scale geometry, and hidden algebraic symmetries of the orbits.
For instance, one of our results is that the union of the unbounded orbits has
Hausdorff dimension 1.
The pentagram map is a natural iteration on projective equivalence classes of
(twisted) n-gons in the projective plane. It was recently proved ([OST]) that
the pentagram map is completely integrable, with the complete set of Poisson
commuting integrals given by the polynomials O1,...,O[n/2],On and
E1,...,E[n/2],En, previously constructed in [S3]. These polynomials are
somewhat reminiscent of the symmetric polynomials. It was observed in computer
experiments that if a polygon is inscribed into a conic then Oi=Ei for all i.
The goal of the paper is to prove this theorem.
We give a rigorous computer-assisted proof that the triangular bi-pyramid is
the unique configuration of 5 points on the 2-sphere that globally minimizes
the Coulomb (1/r) potential. We also prove the same result for the (1/r^2)
potential. The main mathematical contribution of the paper is a fairly
efficient energy estimate that works for any number of points and any power-law
potential.
We discuss eight new(?) configuration theorems of classical projective
geometry in the spirit of the Pappus and Pascal theorems.
We discuss eight new(?) configuration theorems of classical projective
geometry in the spirit of the Pappus and Pascal theorems.