For an undirected $n$-vertex planar graph $G$ with non-negative edge-weights,
we consider the following type of query: given two vertices $s$ and $t$ in $G$,
what is the weight of a min $st$-cut in $G$? We show how to answer such queries
in constant time with $O(n\log^5n)$ preprocessing time and $O(n\log n)$ space.
We use a Gomory-Hu tree to represent all the pairwise min cuts implicitly.
Previously, no subquadratic time algorithm was known for this problem.
Indyk and Sidiropoulos (2007) proved that any orientable graph of genus $g$
can be probabilistically embedded into a graph of genus $g-1$ with constant
distortion. Viewing a graph of genus $g$ as embedded on the surface of a sphere
with $g$ handles attached, Indyk and Sidiropoulos' method gives an embedding
into a distribution over planar graphs with distortion $2^{O(g)}$, by
iteratively removing the handles. By removing all $g$ handles at once, we
present a probabilistic embedding with distortion $O(g^2)$ for both orientable
and non-orientable graphs.
We study constrained versions of the knapsack problem in which dependencies
between items are given by a graph. In one version, an item can be selected
only if one of its neighbours is also selected. In the other version, an item
can be selected only when all its neighbours are also selected. These problems
generalize and unify several problems including the prize collecting and
budgeted maximum coverage problems.