Let $\varphi: \mathbb R^n\times [0,\infty)\to[0,\infty)$ be a function such
that $\varphi(x,\cdot)$ is an Orlicz function and $\varphi(\cdot,t)$ is a
Muckenhoupt $A_\infty(\mathbb{R}^n)$ weight. In this paper, the authors
establish the Lusin area function and the molecular characterizations of the
Musielak-Orlicz Hardy space $H_\varphi(\mathbb{R}^n)$ introduced by Luong Dang
Ky via the grand maximal function.
Let $(S, d, \rho)$ be the affine group $\mathrm{R}^n \ltimes \mathrm{R}^+$
endowed with the left-invariant Riemannian metric $d$ and the right Haar
measure $\rho$, which is of exponential growth at infinity.
Let $S$ be the Lie group $\mathrm{R}^n\ltimes \mathrm{R}^+$ endowed with the
left-invariant Riemannian symmetric space structure and the right Haar measure
$\rho$, which is a Lie group of exponential growth. Hebisch and Steger in
[Math. Z. 245(2003), 37--61] proved that any integrable function on $(S,\rho)$
admits a Calder\'on--Zygmund decomposition which involves a particular family
of sets, called Calder\'on--Zygmund sets. In this paper, we first show the
existence of a dyadic grid in the group $S$, which has {nice} properties
similar to the classical Euclidean dyadic cubes.
Let $p\in(1,\infty)$, $q\in[1,\infty)$, $s\in\mathbb{R}$ and $\tau\in[0,
1-\frac{1}{\max\{p,q\}}]$. In this paper, the authors establish the
$\phi$-transform characterizations of Besov-Hausdorff spaces $B{\dot
H}_{p,q}^{s,\tau}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ and Triebel-Lizorkin-Hausdorff spaces $F{\dot
H}_{p,q}^{s,\tau}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ ($q>1$); as applications, the authors then
establish their embedding properties (which on $B{\dot
H}_{p,q}^{s,\tau}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ is also sharp), smooth atomic and molecular
decomposition characterizations for suitable $\tau$.
Let $L$ be the divergence form elliptic operator with complex bounded
measurable coefficients, $\omega$ the positive concave function on $(0,\infty)$
of strictly critical lower type $p_\oz\in (0, 1]$ and
$\rho(t)={t^{-1}}/\omega^{-1}(t^{-1})$ for $t\in (0,\infty).$ In this paper,
the authors study the Orlicz-Hardy space $H_{\omega,L}({\mathbb R}^n)$ and its
dual space $\mathrm{BMO}_{\rho,L^\ast}({\mathbb R}^n)$, where $L^\ast$ denotes
the adjoint operator of $L$ in $L^2({\mathbb R}^n)$.
Let ${\mathcal X}$ be an RD-space, which means that ${\mathcal X}$ is a space
of homogenous type in the sense of Coifman and Weiss with the additional
property that a reverse doubling property holds in ${\mathcal X}$.
Let ${\mathcal X}$ be an RD-space, which means that ${\mathcal X}$ is a space
of homogenous type in the sense of Coifman and Weiss with the additional
property that a reverse doubling property holds in ${\mathcal X}$.
In this paper, we establish the equivalence between the Haj{\l}asz-Sobolev
spaces or classical Triebel-Lizorkin spaces and a class of grand
Triebel-Lizorkin spaces on Euclidean spaces and also on metric spaces that are
both doubling and reverse doubling. In particular, when $p\in(n/(n+1),\fz)$, we
give a new characterization of the Haj{\l}asz-Sobolev spaces $\dot M^{1,
p}(\rn)$ via a grand Littlewood-Paley function.