Given integers b, c, g, and n, we construct a manifold M containing a
c-component link L so that there is a bridge surface Sigma for (M,L) of genus g
that intersects L in 2b points and has distance at least n.
We consider the problem of placing $n$ nonattacking queens on a symmetric $n
\times n$ Toeplitz matrix. As in the $N$-queens Problem on a chessboard, two
queens may attack each other if they share a row or a column in the matrix.
However, the usual diagonal restriction is replaced by specifying that queens
may attack other queens that occupy squares with the same number value in the
matrix. We will show that $n$ nonattacking queens can be placed on such a
matrix if and only if $n\equiv 0,1 \mod 4$.
A radio labeling is an assignment $c:V(G) \rightarrow \textbf{N}$ such that
every distinct pair of vertices $u,v$ satisfies the inequality
$d(u,v)+|c(u)-c(v)|\geq \diam(G)+1$. The span of a radio labeling is the
maximum value. The radio number of $G$, $rn(G)$, is the minimum span over all
radio labelings of $G$.
Radio labeling is a variation of Hale's channel assignment problem, in which
one seeks to assign positive integers to the vertices of a graph $G$ subject to
certain constraints involving the distances between the vertices. Specifically,
a radio labeling of a connected graph $G$ is a function $c:V(G) \rightarrow
\mathbb Z_+$ such that $$d(u,v)+|c(u)-c(v)|\geq 1+\text{diam}(G)$$ for every
two distinct vertices $u$ and $v$ of $G$ (where $d(u,v)$ is the distance
between $u$ and $v$). The span of a radio labeling is the maximum integer
assigned to a vertex.
Let M be a compressionbody containing a graph T (with at least one edge) such
that \boundary_+ M is parallel to the union of T and \boundary_- M. We extend
methods of Hayashi and Shimokawa to classify bridge surfaces for T. The results
of this paper are used in later work to show that if a bridge surface for a
graph in a 3-manifold is c-weakly reducible then either a degenerate situation
occurs or the exterior of the graph contains an essential meridional surface.
It has been conjectured that for knots $K$ and $K'$ in $S^3$, $w(K#K')=
w(K)+w(K')-2$. Scharlemann and Thompson have proposed potential counterexamples
to this conjecture. For every $n$, they proposed a family of knots ${K^n_i}$
for which they conjectured that $w(B^n#K^n_i)=w(K^n_i)$ where $B^n$ is a bridge
number $n$ knot. We show that for $n>2$ none of the knots in ${K^n_i}$ produces
such counterexamples.
We show that if $K$ is a knot in $S^3$ and $\Sigma$ is a bridge sphere for
$K$ with high distance and $2n$ punctures, the number of perturbations of $K$
required to interchange the two balls bounded by $\Sigma$ via an isotopy is
$n$. This result is also generalized for a knot in any 3-manifold.