We solve the lifting problem in C^*-algebras for many sets of relations that
include the relations x_j^{N_j} = 0 on each variable. The remaining relations
must be of the form \| p(x_1,...,x_n) \| \leq C for C a positive constant and p
a noncommutative *-polynomial that is in some sense homogeneous. For example,
we prove liftability for the set of relations x^3=0, y^4=0, z^5=0,
xx^*+yy^*+zz^* \leq 1. Thus we find more noncommutative semialgebraic sets that
have the topology of noncommutative absolute retracts.
We show that a pair of almost commuting self-adjoint, symmetric matrices are
close to commuting self-adjoint, symmetric matrices (in a uniform way).
Moreover we prove that the same holds with self-dual in place of symmetric.
Since a symmetric self-adjoint matrix is real, the former gives a real version
of Huaxin Lin's famous theorem on almost commuting matrices. There are
applications to physics of Lin's original theorem and both new cases.
We solve a class of lifting problems involving approximate polynomial
relations (``softened polynomial relations''). Various associated C*-algebras
are therefore projective. The technical lemma we need is a new manifestation of
Akemann and Pedersen's discovery of the norm adjusting power of quasi-central
approximate units.
The noncommutative analog of an approximative absolute retract (AAR) is
introduced, a weakly projective C*-algebra. This property sits between being
residually finite dimensional and projectivity. There is a slightly weaker
property that is the noncommutative analog of a pointed approximative absolute
retract.