A longstanding question of Gromov asks whether every one-ended
word-hyperbolic group contains a subgroup isomorphic to the fundamental group
of a closed hyperbolic surface. An infinite family of word-hyperbolic groups
can be obtained by taking doubles of free groups amalgamated along words that
are not proper powers. We define the set of polygonal words in a free group of
finite rank, and prove that polygonality of the amalgamating word guarantees
that the associated square complex virtually contains a $\pi_1$-injective
closed surface.
We study conjugacy classes of solutions to systems of equations and
inequations over torsion-free hyperbolic groups, and describe an algorithm to
recognize whether or not there are finitely many conjugacy classes of solutions
to such a system. The class of immutable subgroups of hyperbolic groups is
introduced, which is fundamental to the study of equations in this context. We
apply our results to enumerate the immutable subgroups of a torsion-free
hyperbolic group.