Due to implementation constraints the XOR operation is widely used in order
to combine plaintext and key bit-strings in secret-key block ciphers. This
choice directly induces the classical version of the differential attack by the
use of XOR-kind differences. While very natural, there are many alternatives to
the XOR. Each of them inducing a new form for its corresponding differential
attack (using the appropriate notion of difference) and therefore block-ciphers
need to use S-boxes that are resistant against these nonstandard differential
cryptanalysis.
The Riordan group is the semi-direct product of a multiplicative group of
invertible series and a group, under substitution, of non units. The Riordan
near algebra, as introduced in this paper, is the Cartesian product of the
algebra of formal power series and its principal ideal of non units, equipped
with a product that extends the multiplication of the Riordan group. The later
is naturally embedded as a subgroup of units into the former. In this paper, we
prove the existence of a formal calculus on the Riordan algebra.
A partial monoid $P$ is a set with a partial multiplication $\times$ (and
total identity $1_P$) which satisfies some associativity axiom. The partial
monoid $P$ may be embedded in a free monoid $P^*$ and the product $\star$ is
simulated by a string rewriting system on $P^*$ that consists in evaluating the
concatenation of two letters as a product in $P$, when it is defined, and a
letter $1_P$ as the empty word $\epsilon$. In this paper we study the profound
relations between confluence for such a system and associativity of the
multiplication.
The M\"obius inversion formula, introduced during the 19th century in number
theory, was generalized to a wide class of monoids called locally finite such
as the free partially commutative, plactic and hypoplactic monoids for
instance. In this contribution are developed and used some topological and
algebraic notions for monoids with zero, similar to ordinary objects such as
the (total) algebra of a monoid, the augmentation ideal or the star operation
on proper series.
Starting with the Heisenberg-Weyl algebra, fundamental to quantum physics, we
first show how the ordering of the non-commuting operators intrinsic to that
algebra gives rise to generalizations of the classical Stirling Numbers of
Combinatorics. These may be expressed in terms of infinite, but {\em
row-finite}, matrices, which may also be considered as endomorphisms of
$\C[[x]]$. This leads us to consider endomorphisms in more general spaces, and
these in turn may be expressed in terms of generalizations of the
ladder-operators familiar in physics.