We introduce a new and highly tractable structural model for spot and
derivative prices in electricity markets. Using a stochastic model of the bid
stack, we translate the demand for power and the prices of generating fuels
into electricity spot prices. The stack structure allows for a range of
generator efficiencies per fuel type and for the possibility of future changes
in the merit order of the fuels.
The purpose of the paper is to present a new pricing method for clean spread
options, and to illustrate its main features on a set of numerical examples
produced by a dedicated computer code. The novelty of the approach is embedded
in the use of structural models as opposed to reduced-form models which fail to
capture properly the fundamental dependencies between the economic factors
entering the production process.
We present a novel approach to the pricing of financial instruments in
emission markets, for example, the EU ETS. The proposed hybrid model is
positioned between existing complex full equilibrium models and pure
risk-neutral models. Using an exogenously specified demand for a polluting good
it gives a causal explanation for the accumulation of CO2 emissions and takes
into account the feedback effect from the cost of carbon to the rate at which
the market emits CO2.