Let $N$ be a connected and simply connected nilpotent Lie group, $\Lambda$ a
lattice in $N$, and $X=N/\Lambda$ the corresponding nilmanifold. Let $Aff(X)$
be the group of affine transformations of $X$. We characterize the countable
subgroups $H$ of $Aff(X)$ for which the action of $H$ on $X$ has a spectral
gap, that is, such that the associated unitary representation $U$ of $H$ on the
space of functions from $L^2(X)$ with zero mean does not weakly contain the
trivial representation. Denote by $T$ the maximal torus factor associated to
$X$.
For a countable group G and a multiplier c on G with values in the circle, we
study the property of G having a unitary projective c-representation which is
both irreducible and projectively faithful. We show that this property is
equivalent to G being the quotient of an appropriate group by its centre. A
criterion is given in terms of the minisocle of G. Several examples are
described to show the existence of various behaviours.
The following two results are shown.
1) Let $G$ be the $k$-rational points of a simple algebraic group over a
local field $k$ and let $H$ be a lattice in $G.$ Then the regular
representation of $G$ on $L^2(G/H)$ has a spectral gap (that is, there are
almost invariant unit vectors in the subspace of functions in $L^2(G/H)$ with
zero mean).
The following two results are shown.
1) Let $G$ be the $k$-rational points of a simple algebraic group over a
local field $k$ and let $H$ be a lattice in $G.$ Then the regular
representation of $G$ on $L^2(G/H)$ has a spectral gap (that is, there are
almost invariant unit vectors in the subspace of functions in $L^2(G/H)$ with
zero mean).