Given a probability distribution on an open book (a metric space obtained by
gluing a disjoint union of copies of a half-space along their boundary
hyperplanes), we define a precise concept of when the Fr\'echet mean
(barycenter) is "sticky". This non-classical phenomenon is quantified by a law
of large numbers (LLN) stating that the empirical mean eventually almost surely
lies on the (codimension 1 and hence measure 0) "spine" that is the glued
hyperplane, and a central limit theorem (CLT) stating that the limiting
distribution is Gaussian and supported on the spine.
This paper gives a comprehensive treatment of local uniqueness, asymptotics
and numerics for intrinsic means on the circle. It turns out that local
uniqueness as well as rates of convergence are governed by the distribution
near the antipode. In a nutshell, if the distribution there is locally less
than uniform, we have local uniqueness and asymptotic normality with a rate of
1 / \surdn. With increased proximity to the uniform distribution the rate can
be arbitrarly slow, and in the limit, local uniqueness is lost. Further, we
give general distributional conditions, e.g.
We demonstrate how one can choose the smoothing parameter in image denoising
by a statistical multiresolution criterion, both globally and locally. Using
inhomogeneous diffusion and total variation regularization as examples for
localized regularization schemes, we present an efficient method for locally
adaptive image denoising. As expected, the smoothing parameter serves as an
edge detector in this framework. Numerical examples illustrate the usefulness
of our approach. We also present an application in confocal microscopy.