We discuss generalizations of some results on lattice polygons to certain
piecewise linear loops which may have a self-intersection but have vertices in
the lattice $\Z^2$. We first prove a formula on the rotation number of a
unimodular sequence in $\Z^2$ using toric topology. This formula implies the
generalized twelve-point theorem.
We completely characterize real Bott manifolds up to diffeomorphism in terms
of three simple matrix operations on square binary matrices obtained from
strictly upper triangular matrices by permuting rows and columns
simultaneously. We also prove that any graded ring isomorphism between the
cohomology rings of real Bott manifolds with $\Z/2$ coefficients is induced by
an affine diffeomorphism between the real Bott manifolds.
A Bott manifold is a closed smooth manifold obtained as the total space of an
iterated $\C P^1$-bundle starting with a point, where each $\C P^1$-bundle is
the projectivization of a Whitney sum of two complex line bundles. A
\emph{$\Q$-trivial Bott manifold} of dimension $2n$ is a Bott manifold whose
cohomology ring is isomorphic to that of $(\CP^1)^n$ with $\Q$-coefficients. We
find all diffeomorphism types of $\Q$-trivial Bott manifolds and show that they
are distinguished by their cohomology rings with $\Z$-coefficients.
A moment-angle complex $\mathcal{Z}_K$ is a compact topological space
associated with a finite simplicial complex $K$. It is realized as a subspace
of a polydisk $(D^2)^m$, where $m$ is the number of vertices in $K$ and $D^2$
is the unit disk of the complex numbers $\C$, and the natural action of a torus
$(S^1)^m$ on $(D^2)^m$ leaves $\mathcal{Z}_K$ invariant. The Buchstaber
invariant $s(K)$ of $K$ is the maximum integer for which there is a subtorus of
rank $s(K)$ acting on $\mathcal{Z}_K$ freely.