This is the list of open problems in topological algebra posed on the
conference dedicated to the 20th anniversary of the Chair of Algebra and
Topology of Lviv National University, that was held on 28 September 2001.
We show, in particular, that a multivalued map $f$ from a closed subspace $X$
of $\mathbb R^n$ to ${\rm exp}_k(\mathbb R^n)$ has a point of period exactly
$M$ if and only if its continuous extension $\tilde f: \beta X\to {\rm
exp}_k(\beta \mathbb R^n)$ has such a point. The result also holds if one
repace $\mathbb R^n$ by a locally compact Lindel\"of space of finite dimension.
We also show that if $f$ is a colorable map froma normal space $X$ to the space
${\mathcal K}(X)$ of all compact subsets of $X$ then its extension $\tilde
f:\beta X\to {\mathcal K}(\beta X)$ is fixed-point free.
Countable tightness may be destroyed by countably closed forcing. We
characterize the indestructibility of countable tightness under countably
closed forcing by combinatorial statements similar to the ones Tall used to
characterize indestructibility of the Lindelof property under countably closed
forcing. We consider the behavior of countable tightness in generic extensions
obtained by adding Cohen reals. We show that HFD's are indestructibly countably
tight.
We introduce a method for analyzing high-dimensional data. Our approach is
inspired by Morse theory and uses the nudged elastic band method from
computational chemistry. As output, we produce an increasing sequence of cell
complexes modeling the dense regions of the data. We test the method on several
data sets and obtain small cell complexes revealing informative topological
structure.
Most of the assertions in the theory of well ordered sets are quite simple.
However, one of its central statements, Zermelo's theorem, stands out of this
rule, for its well-known proofs are rather complicated. The aim of the current
paper is to propose a simple proof of this theorem.
Extending and unifying concepts extensively used in the literature, we
introduce the notion of approximable interpolation sets for algebras of
functions on locally compact groups, especially for weakly almost periodic
functions and for uniformly continuous functions. We characterize approximable
interpolation sets both in combinatorial terms and in terms of the
$\mathscr{LUC}$- and $\mathscr{WAP}$-compactifications and analyze some of
their properties.
We mainly discuss the cardinal invariants and generalized metric properties
on paratopological groups or rectifiable spaces, and show that: (1) If $A$ and
$B$ are $\omega$-narrow subsets of a paratopological group $G$, then $AB$ is
$\omega$-narrow in $G$, which give an affirmative answer for \cite[Open problem
5.1.9]{A2008}; (2) Every bisequential or weakly first-countable rectifiable
space is metrizable; (3) The properties of Fr$\acute{e}$chet-Urysohn and
strongly Fr$\acute{e}$chet-Urysohn are coincide in rectifiable spaces; (4)
Every rectifiable space $G$ contains a (closed) copy of $S_{\
Hereditary coreflective subcategories of an epireflective subcategory A of
Top such that I_2\notin A (here I_2 is the 2-point indiscrete space) were
studied in [C]. It was shown that a coreflective subcategory B of A is
hereditary (closed under the formation of subspaces) if and only if it is
closed under the formation of prime factors. The main problem studied in this
paper is the question whether this claim remains true if we study the (more
general) subcategories of A which are closed under topological sums and
quotients in A instead of the coreflective subcategories of A.
Let A be a topological space which is not finitely generated and CH(A) denote
the coreflective hull of A in Top. We construct a generator of the coreflective
subcategory SCH(A) consisting of all subspaces of spaces from CH(A) which is a
prime space and has the same cardinality as A. We also show that if A and B are
coreflective subcategories of Top such that the hereditary coreflective kernel
of each of them is the subcategory FG of all finitely generated spaces, then
the hereditary coreflective kernel of their join CH(A \cup B) is again FG.
Using the property of being completely Baire, countable dense homogeneity and
the perfect set property we will be able, under Martin's Axiom for countable
posets, to distinguish non-principal ultrafilters on $\omega$ up to
homeomorphism. Here, we identify ultrafilters with subpaces of $2^\omega$ in
the obvious way. Using the same methods, still under Martin's Axiom for
countable posets, we will construct a non-principal ultrafilter $\UU\subseteq
2^\omega$ such that $\UU^\omega$ is countable dense homogeneous. This
consistently answers a question of Hru\v{s}\'ak and Zamora Avil\'es.
In this article it is shown that to every non-discrete Hausdorff linear
topology on $\Z$ other metrizable locally quasi-convex group topologies can be
associated which are strictly finer than the linear topology and such that the
character groups coincide. Applying this result to the $p$-adic topology on
$\Z$, we give a negative answer to the question of Dikranjan, whether this
topology is Mackey.
A topological space $Y$ is said to have (AEEP) if the following condition is
fulfilled. Whenever $(X,\mathfrak{M})$ is a measurable space and $f, g: X \to
Y$ are two measurable functions, then the set $\Delta(f,g) = \{x \in X:\ f(x) =
g(x)\}$ is a member of $\mathfrak{M}$. It is shown that a metrizable space $Y$
has (AEEP) iff the cardinality of $Y$ is no greater than $2^{\aleph_0}$.
Most of results of Bestvina and Mogilski [\textit{Characterizing certain
incomplete infinite-dimensional absolute retracts}, Michigan Math. J.
\textbf{33} (1986), 291--313] on strong $Z$-sets in ANR's and absorbing sets is
generalized to nonseparable case. It is shown that if an ANR $X$ is locally
homotopy dense embeddable in infinite-dimensional Hilbert manifolds and $w(U) =
w(X)$ (where `$w$' is the topological weight) for each open nonempty subset $U$
of $X$,then $X$ itself is homotopy dense embeddable in a Hilbert manifold.
It is shown that if for a complete metric space $(X,d)$ there is a constant
$\epsilon > 0$ such that the intersection $\bigcap_{j=1}^n B_d(x_j,r_j)$ of
open balls is nonempty for every finite system $x_1,...,x_n \in X$ of centers
and a corresponding system of radii $r_1,...,r_n > 0$ such that $d(x_j,x_k)
\leqsl \epsilon$ and $d(x_j,x_k) < r_j + r_k$ ($j,k = 1,...,n$), then $X$ is an
ANR; and if in the above one may put $\epsilon = \infty$, the space $X$ is an
AR. A certain criterion for an incomplete metric space to be an A(N)R is
presented.
In this paper, we shall investigate the $C_0$ coarse structure on a locally
compact metric space and its Higson compactification. In particular, we show
that such a compactification coincides with the Smirnov compactification, and
that the continuously controlled coarse structure induced by this
compactification coincides with the original $C_0$ coarse structure.
In this paper we introduce a new class of metric actions on separable (not
necessarily connected) metric spaces called "Cauchy-indivisible" actions. This
new class coincides with that of proper actions on locally compact metric
spaces and, as examples show, it may be different in general. The concept of
"Cauchy-indivisibility" follows a more general research direction proposal in
which we investigate the impact of basic notions in substantial results, like
the impact of local compactness and connectivity in the theory of proper
transformation groups.
We consider a planar surface \Sigma of infinite type which has the Thompson
group T as asymptotic mapping class group. We construct the asymptotic pants
complex C of \Sigma and prove that the group T acts transitively by
automorphisms on it. Finally, we establish that the automorphism group of the
complex C is an extension of the Thompson group T by Z/2Z.
In this paper we give some coupled ?fixed point results for mappings
satisfying different contractive conditions on complete partial metric spaces.
In this paper, we continue studying the properties of $\gamma^{*}$-semi-open
sets in topological spaces introduced by S. Hussain, B. Ahmad and T. Noiri[8].
We also introduce and discuss the $\gamma^{*}$-semi-continuous functions which
generalize semi-continuous functions defined by N. Levine [10].
We prove that Michael's paraconvex-valued selection theorem for paracompact
spaces remains true for C'(E)-valued mappings defined on collectionwise normal
spaces. Some possible generalisations are also given.
Let $X$ be a Hausdorff topological group and $G$ a locally compact subgroup
of $X$. We show that $X$ admits a locally finite $\sigma$-discrete
$G$-functionally open cover each member of which is $G$-homeomorphic to a
twisted product $G\times_H S_i$, where $H$ is a compact large subgroup of $G$
(i.e., the quotient $G/H$ is a manifold). If, in addition, the space of
connected components of $G$ is compact and $X$ is normal, then $X$ itself is
$G$-homeomorphic to a twisted product $G\times_KS$, where $K$ is a maximal
compact subgroup of $G$.
Let $X$ be a Borel subset of the Cantor set \textbf{C} of additive or
multiplicative class ${\alpha},$ and $f: X \to Y$ be a continuous function with
compact preimages of points onto $Y \subset \textbf{C}.$ If the image $f(U)$ of
every clopen set $U$ is the intersection of an open and a closed set, then $Y$
is a Borel set of the same class. This result generalizes similar results for
open and closed functions.
The $n$-dimensional affine group over the integers is the group $\mathcal
G_n$ of all affinities on $\mathbb R^{n}$ which leave the lattice $ \mathbb
Z^{n}$ invariant. $\mathcal G_n$ yields a geometry in the classical sense of
the Erlangen Program.
A topological group $G$ is called an $M_\omega$-group if it admits a
countable cover $\K$ by closed metrizable subspaces of $G$ such that a subset
$U$ of $G$ is open in $G$ if and only if $U\cap K$ is open in $K$ for every
$K\in\K$. It is shown that any two non-metrizable uncountable separable
zero-dimenisional $M_\omega$-groups are homeomorphic.
We answer several questions of I.Protasov and E.Zelenyuk concerning
topologies on groups determined by T-sequences. A special attention is paid to
studying the operation of supremum of two group topologies.
Given a function f: N --> (omega+1)-{0}, we say that a faithfully indexed
sequence {a_n: n in N} of elements of a topological group G is: (i) f-Cauchy
productive (f-productive) provided that the sequence {prod_{n=0}^m a_n^{z(n)}:
m in N} is left Cauchy (converges to some element of G, respectively) for each
function z: N --> Z such that |z(n)| <= f(n) for every n in N; (ii)
unconditionally f-Cauchy productive (unconditionally f-productive) provided
that the sequence {a_{s(n)}: n in N\} is (f\circ s)-Cauchy productive
(respectively, (f\circ s)-productive) for every bijection s: N --
The result often known as Joiner's lemma is fundamental in understanding the
topology of the free topological group $F(X)$ on a Tychonoff space$X$. In this
paper, an analogue of Joiner's lemma for the free paratopological group
$\FP(X)$ on a $T_1$ space $X$ is proved.
The author proposes a method for investigating actions of finite groups on
aspherical spaces. Complete homotopy classification of free actions of finite
groups on aspherical spaces is obtained. Also there are some results about
non-free actions. For example a relation between the cohomology of finite
groups and the lattice structure of its subgroups is obtained by the proposed
method. This relation is formulated in terms of spectral sequences.
For a topological monoid S the dual inverse monoid is the topological monoid
of all identity preserving homomorphisms from S to the circle with attached
zero. A topological monoid S is defined to be reflexive if the canonical
homomorphism from S to its second dual inverse monoid is a topological
isomorphism. We prove that a (compact or discrete) topological inverse monoid S
is reflexive (if and) only if S is abelian and the idempotent semilattice of S
is zero-dimensional. For a discrete (resp. compact) topological monoid its dual
inverse monoid is compact (resp. discrete).
In this paper, we describe the relationship between the quasi-component q(G)
of a (perfectly) minimal pseudocompact abelian group G and the component
(\widetilde G)_0 of its completion. Specifically, we characterize the pairs
(C,A) of compact connected abelian groups C and subgroups A such that A=q(G)
and C=(\widetilde G)_0. As a consequence, we show that for every positive
integer n or n=\omega, there exist plenty of abelian pseudocompact perfectly
minimal n-dimensional groups G such that the quasi-component of G is not dense
in the connected component of the completion of G.
We prove that there exists a 0-dimensional, scattered $T_2$ space $X$ such
that $X$ is aD but not linearly D, answering a question of Arhangel'skii.
We establish coupled fixed point theorems for contraction involving rational
expressions in partially ordered metric spaces.
In this paper, we extend a fixed point theorem due to Ciric to a cone metric
space.
The goal of this article is two folds. First, to introduce some problems
about structural identities of natural materials, in particular, collagen
networks; materials found everywhere around us. Second, to introduce some
beautiful known riddles in intuitive topology, and commenting about existence
of connections between field of topology and our first goal.
We construct a product $P$ of $2^\mathfrak{c}$ spaces such that every finite
subproduct of $P$ is CLP-compact but no infinite subproduct of $P$ is
CLP-compact. This answers a question of Stepr\={a}ns and \v{S}ostak.
Properties of circulant graphs have been studied by many authors, but just a
few results concerning their genus characterization were presented up to now.
We can quote the classification of all circulant planar graphs given by C.
Heuberger in 2003. We present here a complete classification of circulant
graphs of genus one, derive a general lower bound for the genus of a circulant
graph and construct a family of circulant graphs which reach this bound.
The famous Prohorov theorem for Radon probability measures is generalized in
terms of usco mappings. In the case of completely metrizable spaces this is
achieved by applying a classical Michael result on the existence of usco
selections for l.s.c. mappings. A similar approach works when sieve-complete
spaces are considered.
In this paper we investigate the functors of OH of positively homogenous
functionals and OS of semiadditive functionals. We show that OH(X) is AR if and
only if X is openly generated, and OS(X) is AR if and only if X is an openly
generated compactum of weight less than $\omega_1$. Also, we investigate the
multiplication maps of monads generated by the abovementioned functors and
consider when these mappings are soft.
We present a series of examples of nondiscrete reflexive P-groups (i.e.,
groups in which all $G_\delta$-sets are open) as well as noncompact reflexive
$\omega$-bounded groups (in which the closure of every countable set is
compact). Our main result implies that every product of feathered
(equivalently, almost metrizable) Abelian groups equipped with the P-modified
topology is a reflexive group. In particular, every compact Abelian group with
the P-modified topology is reflexive. This answers a question posed by S.
Hern\'andez and P.
Iwasa investigated the preservation of various covering properties of
opological spaces under Cohen forcing. By improving the argument in Iwasa's
paper, we prove that the Rothberger property, the Menger property and selective
screenability are also preserved under Cohen forcing and forcing with the
measure algebra.
We show that the subsemigroup of the product of w_1-many circles generated by
the L-space constructed by J. Moore is again an L-space. This leads to a new
example of a Lindelof topological group. The question whether all finite powers
of this group are Lindelof remains open.
It has been claimed by Halmos in [Comment on the real line, Bull. Amer. Math.
Soc., 50 (1944), 877-878] that if G is a Hausdorff locally compact topological
abelian group and if the character group of G is torsion free then G is
divisible. We prove that such claim is false, by presenting a counterexample.
We also present a stronger counterexample, showing that even if one assumes
that the character group of G is both torsion free and divisible, it does not
follow that G is divisible.
We show that the Witten-Reshetikhin-Turaev SU(2) invariant and the Hennings
invariant associated to the restricted quantum $sl_2$ are essentially the same
for rational homology 3-spheres.
We prove that for a complete quasivariety $K$ of topological $E$-algebras of
countable discrete signature $E$ and each submetrizable $ANR(k_\omega)$-space
$X$ its free topological $E$-algebra $F_K(X)$ in the class $K$ is a
submetrizable $ANR(k_\omega)$-space.
The Isbell, compact-open and point-open topologies on the set
$C(X,\mathbb{R})$ of continuous real-valued maps can be represented as the dual
topologies with respect to some collections $\alpha(X)$ of compact families of
open subsets of a topological space $X$. Those $\alpha(X)$ for which addition
is jointly continuous at the zero function in $C_\alpha(X,\mathbb{R})$ are
characterized, and sufficient conditions for translations to be continuous are
found. As a result, collections $\alpha(X)$ for which
$C_{\alpha}(X,\mathbb{R})$ is a topological vector space are defined
canonically.
Many classes of maps are characterized as (possibly multi-valued) maps
preserving particular types of compact filters.
Two results on product of compact filters are shown to be the common
principle behind a surprisingly large number of theorems.
We use geometric techniques to explicitly find the topological structure of
the space of SO(3)-representations of the fundamental group of a closed surface
of genus 2 quotient by the conjugation action by SO(3). There are two
components of the space. We will describe the topology of both components and
describe the corresponding SU(2)-character spaces. There is the sixteen to one
branch-covering for each component, and the branch locus is a union of
2-spheres and 2-tori. Along the way, we also describe the topology of both
spaces.
Many classically used function space structures (including the topology of
pointwise convergence, the compact-open topology, the Isbell topology and the
continuous convergence) are induced by a hyperspace structure counterpart. This
scheme is used to study local properties of function space structures on
$C(X,\mathbb R)$, such as character, tighntess, fan-tightness, strong
fan-tightness, the Fr{\'e}chet property and some of its variants.
Conditions on a topological space $X$ under which the space $C(X,\mathbb{R})$
of continuous real-valued maps with the Isbell topology $\kappa $ is a
topological group (topological vector space) are investigated. It is proved
that the addition is jointly continuous at the zero function in
$C_{\kappa}(X,\mathbb{R})$ if and only if $X$ is infraconsonant. This property
is (formally) weaker than consonance, which implies that the Isbell and the
compact-open topologies coincide.
It is well known that the moduli space of flat connections on a trivial
principal bundle MxG, where G is a connected Lie group, is isomorphic to the
representation variety Hom(\pi_1(M), G)/G. For a tiling T, viewed as a marked
copy of R^d, we define a new kind of bundle called pattern equivariant bundle
over T and consider the set of all such bundles.
We investigate preservation of the Lindel\"of property of topological spaces
under forcing extensions. We give sufficient conditions for a forcing notion to
preserve several strengthenings of the Lindel\"of property, such as
indestructible Lindel\"of property, the Rothberger property and being a
Lindel\"of P-space.
We consider ideals $d^0(\mathcal{V})$ which are generalizations of the ideal
$(v^0)$. We formulate couterparts of Hadamard's theorem. Then, adopting the
base tree theorem and applying Kulpa-Szyma\'nski Theorem, we obtain $
cov(d^0(\mathcal{V}))\leq add(d^0(\mathcal{V}))^+$.
We present a series of examples of precompact, noncompact, reflexive
topological Abelian groups. Some of them are pseudocompact or even countably
compact, but we show that there exist precompact non-pseudocompact reflexive
groups as well. It is also proved that every pseudocompact Abelian group is a
quotient of a reflexive pseudocompact group with respect to a closed reflexive
pseudocompact subgroup.
Let E be a topological space and F a uniform space. We introduce a new
topology (in fact a uniform structure) called the V-congergence on the space of
applications from E to F such that C(E,F) is closed for this topology and the
restriction of this topology to C(E,F) is equivalent to pointwise convergence.
In other words this topology is the coarsest preserving continuity. We give a
criterion of convergence for this topology not involving the limit. Among
properties preserved are mesurability and alpha-borelianity for a countable
ordinal alpha.
Let S be a surface of negative Euler characteristic together with a pants
decomposition P. Kra's plumbing construction endows S with a projective
structure as follows. Replace each pair of pants by a triply punctured sphere
and glue, or `plumb', adjacent pants by gluing punctured disk neighbourhoods of
the punctures. The gluing across the $i^{th}$ pants curve is defined by a
complex parameter t_i in C. The associated holonomy representation \rho:
\pi_1(S) \to PSL(2,C) gives a projective structure on S which depends
holomorphically on the t_i.
This paper presents some basic facts about the so-called connectivity spaces.
In particular, it studies the generation of connectivity structures, the
existence of limits and colimits in the main categories of connectivity spaces,
the closed monoidal category structure given by the so-called tensor product on
integral connectivity spaces; it defines homotopy for connectivity spaces and
mention briefly related difficulties; it defines smash product of pointed
integral connectivity spaces and shows that this operation results in a closed
monoidal category with such spaces as objects.
Revisiting and completing a work due to A. I. Ba\v{s}kirov, we construct
compact sequential spaces of any sequential order up to and including
$\omega_1$ as quotient spaces of $\beta\omega$ under CH.
We show that under some conditions on a family $\mathcal{A}\subset\bbi$ there
exists a subfamily $\mathcal{A}_0\subset\mathcal{A}$ such that $\bigcup
\mathcal{A}_0$ is nonmeasurable with respect to a fixed ideal $\bbi$ with Borel
base of a fixed uncountable Polish space. Our result applies to the classical
ideal of null subsets of the real line and to the ideal of first category
subsets of the real line.
The recent extensions of domain theory have proved particularly efficient to
study lattice-valued maxitive measures, when the target lattice is continuous.
Maxitive measures are defined analogously to classical measures with the
supremum operation in place of the addition. Building further on the links
between domain theory and idempotent analysis highlighted by Lawson (2004), we
introduce the concept of domain-valued maxitive maps, which we define as a
``point-free'' version of maxitive measures.
A maxitive measure is the analogue of a finitely additive measure or charge,
in which the usual addition is replaced by the supremum operation. Contrarily
to charges, maxitive measures often have a density. We show that maxitive
measures can be decomposed as the supremum of a maxitive measure with density,
and a residual maxitive measure that is null on compact sets under specific
conditions.
In addition to 29 announcements in related areas, this issue contains several
contributions to "core" SPM: Measurable cardinals and the cardinality of
Lindelof spaces; Topological games and covering dimension; Menger's and
Hurewicz's Problems: Solutions from "The Book" and refinements; Point-cofinite
covers in the Laver model; Projective versions of selection principles
We study two classes of spaces whose points are filters on partially ordered
sets. Points in MF spaces are maximal filters, while points in UF spaces are
unbounded filters. We give a thorough account of the topological properties of
these spaces. We obtain a complete characterization of the class of countably
based MF spaces: they are precisely the second-countable T_1 spaces with the
strong Choquet property. We apply this characterization to domain theory to
characterize the class of second-countable spaces with a domain representation.
A Hausdorff topological group $(G,\tau)$ is called locally minimal if there
exists a neighborhood $U$ of 0 in $\tau$ such that $U$ fails to be a
neighborhood of zero in any Hausdorff group topology on $G$ which is strictly
coarser than $\tau.$ Examples of locally minimal groups are all subgroups of
Banach-Lie groups, all locally compact groups and all minimal groups.
We study algebraic and topological properties of topological semigroups
containing a copy of the bicyclic semigroup C(p,q). We prove that each
topological semigroup S with pseudocompact square contains no dense copy of
C(p,q). On the other hand, we construct a (consistent) example of a
pseudocompact (countably compact) Tychonov semigroup containing a copy of
C(p,q).
For an uncountable cardinal \tau and a subset S of an abelian group G, the
following conditions are equivalent: (i) |{ns:s\in S}|\ge \tau for all integers
n\ge 1; (ii) there exists a group homomorphism \pi:G\to T^{2^\tau} such that
\pi(S) is dense in T^{2^\tau}. Moreover, if |G|\le 2^{2^\tau}, then the
following item can be added to this list: (iii) there exists an isomorphism
\pi:G\to G' between G and a subgroup G' of T^{2^\tau} such that \pi(S) is dense
in T^{2^\tau}.
In this paper we introduce and study three new cardinal topological
invariants called the cs*, cs-, and sb-characters. The class of topological
spaces with countable cs*-character is closed under many topological operations
and contains all aleph-spaces and all spaces with point-countable cs*-network.
Our principal result states that each non-metrizable sequential topological
group with countable cs*-character has countable pseudo-character and contains
an open $k_\omega$-subgroup.
Suppose G is a topological group containing a (closed) topological copy of
the Frechet-Urysohn fan. If G is a perfectly normal sequential space (a normal
k-space) then every closed metrizable subset in $G$ is locally compact.
Applying this result to topological groups whose underlying topological space
can be written as a direct limit of a sequence of closed metrizable subsets, we
get that every such a group either is metrizable or is homeomorphic to the
product of a $k_\omega$-space and a discrete space.
We study the topological structure of the direct limit $\glim G_n$ of a tower
of topological groups $(G_n)$ in the category of topological groups and show
that under some conditions on the tower $(G_n)$ the topology of $\glim G_n$
coincides with the topology of the direct limit $\ulim G_n$ of the groups $G_n$
endowed with the Roelcke uniformity in the category of uniform spaces.
Positive Quaternion Kaehler Manifolds are Riemannian manifolds with holonomy
contained in Sp(n)Sp(1) and with positive scalar curvature. Conjecturally, they
are symmetric spaces. We offer a new approach to this field of study via
Rational Homotopy Theory, thereby proving the formality of Positive Quaternion
Kaehler Manifolds. This result is established by means of an in-depth
investigation on how formality behaves under spherical fibrations.
A theorem of A. Weil asserts that a topological group embeds as a (dense)
subgroup of a locally compact group if and only if it contains a non-empty
precompact open set; such groups are called locally precompact. Within the
class of locally precompact groups, the authors classify those groups with the
following topological properties:
Building on work of Terada, we prove that h-homogeneity is productive in the
class of zero-dimensional spaces. Then, by generalizing a result of Motorov, we
show that for every zero-dimensional space $X$ there exists a zero-dimensional
space $Y$ such that $X\times Y$ is h-homogeneous. Also, we simultaneously
generalize results of Motorov and Terada by showing that if $X$ is a
zero-dimensional space such that the isolated points are dense then $X^\kappa$
is h-homogeneous for every infinite cardinal $\kappa$.
We present a topological characterizations of LF-spaces and some other spaces
of the form $\Omega\times\IR^\infty$. Those characterizations are applied to
recognizing the topology of small box-product and uniform direct limits of
Polish ANR-groups.
In this brief note we provide a simple approach to show that the Alaoglu
theorem and the Tychonoff theorem for compact Hausdorff spaces are equivalent.
We investigate the Whyburn and weakly Whyburn property in the class of
$P$-spaces, that is spaces where every $G_\delta$ set is open. We construct
examples of non-weakly Whyburn $P$-spaces of size continuum, thus giving a
negative answer under CH to a question of Pelant, Tkachenko, Tkachuk and
Wilson. In addition, we show that the weak Kurepa Hypothesis (a set-theoretic
assumption weaker than CH) implies the existence of a non-weakly Whyburn
$P$-space of size $\aleph_2$.
In this note we study the dynamics of the natural evaluation action of the
group of isometries $G$ of a locally compact metric space $(X,d)$ with one end.
Using the notion of pseudo-components introduced by S. Gao and A. S. Kechris we
show that $X$ has only finitely many pseudo-components of which exactly one is
not compact and $G$ acts properly on. The complement of the non-compact
component is a compact subset of $X$ and $G$ may fail to act properly on it.
The_additivity_number_ of a topological property (relative to a given space)
is the minimal number of subspaces with this property whose union does not have
the property. The most well-known case is where this number is greater than
Aleph_0, i.e. the property is sigma-additive. We give a rather complete survey
of the known results about the additivity numbers of a variety of topological
covering properties, including those appearing in the Scheepers diagram (which
contains, among others, the classical properties of Menger, Hurewicz,
Rothberger, and Gerlits-Nagy).
We prove that the Khovanov homology of alternating knots and 2-component
links is equal (as a singly graded group) to the singular homology of a certain
space of trace- free, binary dihedral representations of the link group. More
generally, it was suggested by Kronheimer and Mrowka that the Khovanov homology
of any knot might be related via gauge theory to the space of all trace-free
SU(2) representations. Our result suggests that when the knot is alternating,
Khovanov homology only sees the trace-free representations which are binary
dihedral.
We show that any metacompact Moore space is monotonically metacompact and use
that result to characterize monotone metacompactness in certain generalized
ordered (GO)spaces. We show, for example, that a generalized ordered space with
a sigma-closed-discrete dense subset is metrizable if and only if it is
monotonically (countably) metacompact, that a monotonically (countably)
metacompact GO-space is hereditarily paracompact, and that a locally countably
compact GO-space is metrizable if and only if it is monotonically (countably)
metacompact.
Hurewicz' characterized the dimension of separable metrizable spaces by means
of finite-to-one maps. We investigate whether this characterization also holds
in the class of compact F-spaces of weight c. Our main result is that, assuming
the Continuum Hypothesis, an n-dimensional compact F-space of weight c is the
continuous image of a zero-dimensional compact Hausdorff space by an at most
2n-to-1 map.
Let S1(Gamma,Gamma) be the statement: For each sequence of point-cofinite
open covers, one can pick one element from each cover and obtain a
point-cofinite cover. b is the minimal cardinality of a set of reals not
satisfying S1(Gamma,Gamma). We prove the following assertions:
(1) If there is an unbounded tower, then there are sets of reals of
cardinality b, satisfying S1(Gamma,Gamma).
We give a construction under $CH$ of a non-metrizable compact Hausdorff space
$K$ such that any uncountable semi-biorthogonal sequence in $C(K)$ must be of a
very specific kind. The space $K$ has many nice properties, such as being
hereditarily separable, hereditarily Lindel\"of and a 2-to-1 continuous
preimage of a metric space, and all Radon measures on $K$ are separable.
However $K$ is not a Rosenthal compactum.
We introduce a class of regular continuous functions on the closed 2-disk and
show that each function from this class is topologically conjugate to a linear
function defined on a sqare, a closed half-disk or a closed disk.
We investigate contrasting behaviours emerging when studying foliations on
non-metrisable manifolds. It is shown that Kneser's pathology of a manifold
foliated by a single leaf cannot occur with foliations of dimension-one. On the
other hand, there are open surfaces admitting no foliations.
We study some topological properties of trees with the interval topology. In
particular, we characterize trees which admit a 2-fibered compactification and
we present two examples of trees whose one-point compactifications are
Rosenthal compact with certain renorming properties of their spaces of
continuous functions.
Manifolds have uses throughout and beyond Mathematics and it is not
surprising that topologists have expended a huge effort in trying to understand
them. In this article we are particularly interested in the question: `when is
a manifold metrisable?' We describe many conditions equivalent to
metrisability.
Manifolds have uses throughout and beyond Mathematics and it is not
surprising that topologists have expended a huge effort in trying to understand
them. In this article we are particularly interested in the question: `when is
a manifold metrisable?' We describe many conditions equivalent to
metrisability.
We investigate the mapping class group of an orientable $\omega$-bounded
surface. Such a surface splits, by Nyikos's Bagpipe Theorem, into a union of a
bag (a compact surface with boundary) and finitely many long pipes. The
subgroup consisting of classes of homeomorphisms fixing the boundary of the bag
is a normal subgroup and is a homomorphic image of the product of mapping class
groups of the bag and the pipes.
The recent literature offers examples, specific and hand-crafted, of
Tychonoff spaces (in ZFC) which respond negatively to these questions, due
respectively to Ceder and Pearson (1967) and to Comfort and Garc\'ia-Ferreira
(2001): (1) Is every $\omega$-resolvable space maximally resolvable? (2) Is
every maximally resolvable space extraresolvable? Now using the method of
${\mathcal{KID}}$ expansion, the authors show that {\it every} suitably
restricted Tychonoff topological space $(X,\sT)$ admits a larger Tychonoff
topology (that is, an "expansion") witnessing such failure.
The recent literature offers examples, specific and hand-crafted, of
Tychonoff spaces (in ZFC) which respond negatively to these questions, due
respectively to Ceder and Pearson (1967) and to Comfort and Garc\'ia-Ferreira
(2001): (1) Is every $\omega$-resolvable space maximally resolvable? (2) Is
every maximally resolvable space extraresolvable? Now using the method of
${\mathcal{KID}}$ expansion, the authors show that {\it every} suitably
restricted Tychonoff topological space $(X,\sT)$ admits a larger Tychonoff
topology (that is, an "expansion") witnessing such failure.
We consider a natural way of extending the Lebesgue covering dimension to
various classes of infinite dimensional separable metric spaces.
Bornological universes were introduced some time ago by Hu and obtained
renewed interest in recent articles on convergence in hyperspaces and function
spaces and optimization theory. One of Hu's results gives us a necessary and
sufficient condition for which a bornological universe is metrizable. In this
article we will extend this result and give a characterization of uniformizable
bornological universes.
Bornological universes were introduced some time ago by Hu and obtained
renewed interest in recent articles on convergence in hyperspaces and function
spaces and optimization theory. One of Hu's results gives us a necessary and
sufficient condition for which a bornological universe is metrizable. In this
article we will extend this result and give a characterization of uniformizable
bornological universes.
A family $\bfam$ of continuous real-valued functions on a space $X$ is said
to be {\sl basic} if every $f \in C(X)$ can be represented $f = \sum_{i=1}^n
g_i \circ \phi_i$ for some $\phi_i \in \bfam$ and $g_i \in C(\R)$ ($i=1, ...,
n$). Define $\basic (X) = \min \{|\bfam| : \bfam$ is a basic family for $X\}$.
If $X$ is separable metrizable $X$ then either $X$ is locally compact and
finite dimensional, and $\basic (X) < \aleph_0$, or $\basic (X) =
\mathfrak{c}$.
We extend the theory of Euler integration from the class of constructible
functions to that of "tame" real-valued functions (definable with respect to an
o-minimal structure). The corresponding integral operator has some unusual
defects (it is not a linear operator); however, it has a compelling
Morse-theoretic interpretation. In addition, we show that it is an appropriate
setting in which to do numerical analysis of Euler integrals, with applications
to incomplete and uncertain data in sensor networks.
We extend the theory of Euler integration from the class of constructible
functions to that of "tame" real-valued functions (definable with respect to an
o-minimal structure). The corresponding integral operator has some unusual
defects (it is not a linear operator); however, it has a compelling
Morse-theoretic interpretation. In addition, we show that it is an appropriate
setting in which to do numerical analysis of Euler integrals, with applications
to incomplete and uncertain data in sensor networks.
If it is consistent that there is a measurable cardinal, then it is
consistent that all points g-delta Rothberger spaces have "small" cardinality.
The natural quotient map q from the space of based loops in the Hawaiian
earring onto the fundamental group provides a new and naturally occuring
example of a quotient map such that q x q fails to be a quotient map.
This counterexample also contradicts a number of published claims, notably
pi1(X,p) can in fact fail to be a topological group.
We introduce a notion of productivity (summability) of sequences in a
topological group G, parametrized by a given function f : N --> omega+1. The
extreme case when f is the function taking constant value omega is closely
related to the TAP property, the weaker version of the well-known property NSS.
We prove that TAP property coincides with NSS in locally compact groups,
omega-bounded abelian groups and countably compact minimal abelian groups. As
an application of our results, we provide a negative answer to [13, Question
11.1].
In a recent paper by D. Shakhmatov and J. Sp\v{e}v\'ak [Group-valued
continuous functions with the topology of pointwise convergence, Topology and
its Applications (2009), doi:10.1016/j.topol.2009.06.022] the concept of a
${\rm TAP}$ group is introduced and it is shown in particular that the ${\rm
NSS}$ groups are ${\rm TAP}$. We prove that conversely, the Weil complete
metrizable ${\rm TAP}$ groups are ${\rm NSS}$. We define also the narrower
class of ${\rm STAP}$ groups, show that the ${\rm NSS}$ groups are if fact
${\rm STAP}$ and that the converse statement is true in metrizable case.
A topological group is locally pseudocompact if it contains a non-empty open
set with pseudocompact closure. In this note, we study connectedness and
disconnectedness properties of groups G with the property that every closed
subgroup of G is locally pseudocompact. We show that the completion of the
component G_0 of G contains every connected compact subgroup of the completion
of G.
Generalizing a theorem of Ph. Dwinger, we describe the ordered set of all (up
to equivalence) zero-dimensional locally compact Hausdorff extensions of a
zero-dimensional Hausdorff space. Using this description, we find the necessary
and sufficient conditions which has to satisfy a map between two
zero-dimensional Hausdorff spaces in order to have some kind of extension over
two given Hausdorff zero-dimensional local compactifications of these spaces;
we regard the following kinds of extensions: continuous, open, quasi-open,
skeletal, perfect, injective, surjective.
Generalizing a theorem of Ph. Dwinger, we describe the ordered set of all (up
to equivalence) zero-dimensional locally compact Hausdorff extensions of a
zero-dimensional Hausdorff space. Using this description, we find the necessary
and sufficient conditions which has to satisfy a map between two
zero-dimensional Hausdorff spaces in order to have some kind of extension over
two given Hausdorff zero-dimensional local compactifications of these spaces;
we regard the following kinds of extensions: continuous, open, quasi-open,
skeletal, perfect, injective, surjective.
Arhangel'skii proved that if a first countable Hausdorff space is Lindel\"of,
then its cardinality is at most $2^{\aleph_0}$. Such a clean upper bound for
Lindel\"of spaces in the larger class of spaces whose points are ${\sf
G}_{\delta}$ has been more elusive. In this paper we continue the agenda
started in F.D. Tall, On the cardinality of Lindel\"of spaces with points
$G_{\delta}$, Topology and its Applications 63 (1995), 21 - 38, of considering
the cardinality problem for spaces satisfying stronger versions of the
Lindel\"of property.
Arhangel'skii proved that if a first countable Hausdorff space is Lindel\"of,
then its cardinality is at most $2^{\aleph_0}$. Such a clean upper bound for
Lindel\"of spaces in the larger class of spaces whose points are ${\sf
G}_{\delta}$ has been more elusive. In this paper we continue the agenda
started in F.D. Tall, On the cardinality of Lindel\"of spaces with points
$G_{\delta}$, Topology and its Applications 63 (1995), 21 - 38, of considering
the cardinality problem for spaces satisfying stronger versions of the
Lindel\"of property.
We show that Lelek's problem on the chainability of continua with span zero
is not a metric problem: from a non-metric counterexample one can construct a
metric one.
Given a non-degenerate Peano continuum $X$, a dimension function
$D:2^X_*\to[0,\infty]$ defined on the family $2^X_*$ of compact subsets of $X$,
and a subset $\Gamma\subset[0,\infty)$, we recognize the topological structure
of the system $(2^X,\D_{\le\gamma}(X))_{\alpha\in\Gamma}$, where $2^X$ is the
hyperspace of non-empty compact subsets of $X$ and $D_{\le\gamma}(X)$ is the
subspace of $2^X$, consisting of non-empty compact subsets $K\subset X$ with
$D(K)\le\gamma$.
Let $(X_n)_{n}$ be a sequence of uniform spaces such that each space $X_n$ is
a closed subspace in $X_{n+1}$. We give an explicit description of the topology
and uniformity of the direct limit $u-lim X_n$ of the sequence $(X_n)$ in the
category of uniform spaces.
We give a short, mostly elementary and self-contained proof of the classical
result that the groups of diffeomorphisms, homeomorphisms, and homotopy
equivalences of a surface have the same group of connected components.
We prove that a Hausdorff paratopological group G is meager if and only if
there are a nowhere dense subset A of G and a countable subset C in G such that
CA=G=AC.