We discuss the theory of certain partially ordered sets that capture the
structure of commutation classes of words in monoids. As a first application,
it follows readily that counting words in commutation classes is #P-complete.
We then apply the partially ordered sets to Coxeter groups. Some results are a
proof that enumerating the reduced words of elements of Coxeter groups is
#P-complete, a recursive formula for computing the number of commutation
classes of reduced words, as well as stronger bounds on the maximum number of
commutation classes than were previously known.
A monoid $M$ generated by a set $S$ of symbols can be described as the set of
equivalence classes of finite words in $S$ under some relations that specify
when some contiguous sequence of symbols can be replaced by another. If $a,b\in
S$, a relation of the form $ab=ba$ is said to be a \emph{commutation relation}.
Words that are equivalent using only a sequence of commutation relations are
said to be in the same \emph{commutation class}. We introduce certain partially
ordered sets that we call \emph{word posets} that capture the structure of
commutation classes in monoids.