We study the problem of parameter estimation for discretely observed
stochastic processes driven by additive small L\'{e}vy noises. We do not impose
any moment condition on the driving L\'{e}vy process.
In this paper, we give Fukushima's decomposition for diffusions associated
with semi-Dirichlet forms and discuss some related topics.
Permutation $p$-values have been widely used to assess the significance of
linkage or association in genetic studies. However, the application in
large-scale studies is hindered by a heavy computational burden. We propose a
geometric interpretation of permutation $p$-values, and based on this geometric
interpretation, we develop an efficient permutation $p$-value estimation method
in the context of regression with binary predictors.
Suppose $X$ is a right process which is associated with a non-symmetric
Dirichlet form $(\mathcal{E},D(\mathcal{E}))$ on $L^{2}(E;m)$. For $u\in
D(\mathcal{E})$, we have Fukushima's decomposition:
$\tilde{u}(X_{t})-\tilde{u}(X_{0})=M^{u}_{t}+N^{u}_{t}$. In this paper, we
investigate the strong continuity of the generalized Feynman-Kac semigroup
defined by $P^{u}_{t}f(x)=E_{x}[e^{N^{u}_{t}}f(X_{t})]$. Let
$Q^{u}(f,g)=\mathcal{E}(f,g)+\mathcal{E}(u,fg)$ for $f,g\in
D(\mathcal{E})_{b}$. Denote by $J_1$ the dissymmetric part of the jumping
measure $J$ of $(\mathcal{E},D(\mathcal{E}))$.