We show that for any two Heegaard splittings of genus $p$ and $q$ for the
same closed 3-manifold, there is a common stabilization of genus at most 3/2 p
+ 2q - 1. One may compare this to recent examples of Heegaard splittings whose
smallest common stabilizations have genus at least $p+q$ or $p + 1/2 q$
depending on the notion of equivalence.
We show that a pseudo-Anosov map on a boundary component of an irreducible
3-manifold has a power that partially extends to the interior if and only if
its (un)stable lamination is a projective limit of meridians. The proof is
through 3-dimensional hyperbolic geometry, and involves an investigation of
algebraic limits of convex cocompact compression bodies.
We show that sub-surfaces of a Heegaard surface for which the relative Hempel
distance of the splitting is sufficiently high have to appear in any Heegaard
surface of genus bounded by half that distance.
We show that if the Hempel distance of a Heegaard splitting is larger than
three then the mapping class group of the Heegaard splitting is isomorphic to a
subgroup of the mapping class group of the ambient 3-manifold. This implies
that given two handlebody sets in the curve complex for a surface that are
distance at least four apart, the group of automorphisms of the curve complex
that preserve both handlebody sets is finite.
The topological index of a surface was previously introduced by the first
author as the topological analogue of the index of an unstable minimal surface.
Here we show that surfaces of arbitrarily high topological index exist.
We show that if $K$ is a knot in $S^3$ and $\Sigma$ is a bridge sphere for
$K$ with high distance and $2n$ punctures, the number of perturbations of $K$
required to interchange the two balls bounded by $\Sigma$ via an isotopy is
$n$. This result is also generalized for a knot in any 3-manifold.