Consider a branching random walk on $\mathbb R$, with offspring distribution
$Z$ and non-negative displacement distribution $W$. We say that explosion
occurs if an infinite number of particles may be found within a finite distance
of the origin. In this paper, we investigate this phenomenon when the offspring
distribution $Z$ is heavy-tailed.
We consider the problem of reconstructing a compact 3-manifold (with
boundary) embedded in $\mathbb{R}^3$ from its cross-sections $\mathcal S$ with
a given set of cutting planes $\mathcal P$ having arbitrary orientations. Using
the obvious fact that a point $x \in \mathcal P$ belongs to the original object
if and only if it belongs to $\mathcal S$, we follow a very natural
reconstruction strategy: we say that a point $x \in \mathbb{R}^3$ belongs to
the reconstructed object if (at least one of) its nearest point(s) in $\mathcal
P$ belongs to $\mathcal S$.
One cannot guarantee the presence of an oriented four-cycle in an oriented
graph $D$ simply by demanding it has many edges, as an acyclic orientation of
the complete graph on $n$ vertices has $\binom{n}{2}$ edges -- the most
possible -- but contains no oriented cycle. We show that a simple
quasi-randomness condition on the orientation of $D$ does allow one to
guarantee the presence of an oriented four-cycle. Significantly our results
work even for sparse oriented graphs. Furthermore, we give examples which show
that, in a sense, our result is best possible.